Learn More About Illicit Drugs, and Substance Abuse Testing

Substance Abuse

What you need to know about illicit and prescription drugs. Abuse of drugs and alcohol is often painful for families and friends to endure. Testing an individual for abuse is straightforward. The list below outlines the most abused substances; you can find a suitable test from there. We have put together a list of commonly abused drugs showing their effects and symptoms. Moreover, we have provided links to products that detect these drugs.

Alcohol (Ethanol)

Alcohol abuse refers to the problematic or excessive use of alcohol that can have negative effects on an individual’s physical health, mental well-being, and social functioning. Here is some information about alcohol abuse:

Patterns of Abuse: Alcohol abuse can manifest in various patterns, including binge drinking (consuming large quantities of alcohol in a short period), heavy drinking (regularly consuming excessive amounts of alcohol), or alcohol dependency (developing a physical and psychological dependence on alcohol).
Health Effects: Alcohol abuse can have severe consequences for physical health. It can lead to liver damage (such as cirrhosis), cardiovascular problems, gastrointestinal issues, neurological impairments, weakened immune system, increased risk of certain cancers, and nutritional deficiencies. Long-term alcohol abuse can have detrimental effects on almost every organ in the body.
Mental Health: Alcohol abuse is often linked to mental health issues. It can contribute to or exacerbate conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, and alcohol-induced psychotic disorders. Alcohol is a depressant that can temporarily alleviate negative emotions, but in the long run, it can worsen mental health symptoms.
Social Consequences: Alcohol abuse can negatively impact relationships, work performance, and social functioning. It may lead to conflicts with family and friends, impaired judgment, accidents or injuries, legal issues (such as DUI), and difficulties maintaining employment or fulfilling responsibilities.
Addiction and Withdrawal: Prolonged and heavy alcohol abuse can result in alcohol addiction or alcoholism. Alcohol dependence is characterized by a strong craving for alcohol, loss of control over drinking, tolerance (needing more alcohol to achieve the same effects), and withdrawal symptoms when attempting to quit or reduce consumption. Alcohol withdrawal symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include tremors, anxiety, insomnia, hallucinations, and in severe cases, delirium tremens (a potentially life-threatening condition).
Treatment and Support: Seeking professional help is crucial for individuals struggling with alcohol abuse. Treatment options may include detoxification, counseling, behavioral therapies, support groups (such as Alcoholics Anonymous), and medication when necessary. Support from family, friends, and a strong social support network can also play a significant role in recovery.
Harm Reduction: For individuals who are not ready or able to stop drinking entirely, harm reduction strategies can help minimize the negative consequences of alcohol abuse. This can involve setting limits on consumption, avoiding situations that trigger excessive drinking, and seeking support to reduce the harmful effects of alcohol on physical and mental health.

Tests for Alcohol abuse are available HERE

Amphetamines

Amphetamine abuse refers to the non-medical use or misuse of amphetamine-based drugs, which are stimulant substances that affect the central nervous system. Here is some information about amphetamine abuse:

Types of Amphetamines: Amphetamines include prescription medications such as Adderall and Dexedrine and illicit drugs like methamphetamine (commonly referred to as meth). These substances are chemically similar and have similar effects on the body.
Effects and Intoxication: Amphetamines stimulate the release of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, primarily dopamine and norepinephrine. When abused, they can produce feelings of increased energy, euphoria, heightened alertness, and improved focus. However, higher doses or prolonged use can lead to agitation, irritability, anxiety, paranoia, and even psychosis.
Patterns of Abuse: Amphetamines are commonly abused by individuals seeking increased energy, enhanced performance, or a euphoric high. They may be misused by students for studying, athletes for performance enhancement, or by those seeking a recreational drug experience. Methamphetamine, in particular, has a high potential for abuse due to its intense and long-lasting effects.
Health Risks: Amphetamine abuse can have severe health consequences. These drugs can significantly strain the cardiovascular system, leading to increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and the risk of heart attacks or strokes. Chronic abuse can result in malnutrition, weight loss, dental problems (known as “meth mouth” in the case of methamphetamine), and mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and psychosis.
Addiction and Dependence: Prolonged or excessive use of amphetamines can lead to tolerance, meaning higher doses are needed to achieve the same effects. Physical and psychological dependence can develop, resulting in withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. These symptoms can include fatigue, depression, irritability, and intense drug cravings.
Legal and Social Consequences: The non-medical use of amphetamines is illegal and can lead to legal repercussions if caught in possession or distribution. Additionally, amphetamine abuse can strain personal relationships, lead to problems at work or school, and contribute to financial difficulties.
Treatment and Support: If you or someone you know is struggling with amphetamine abuse, seeking professional help is important. Treatment may involve a combination of detoxification, counseling, behavioral therapies, and support groups to address addiction, manage withdrawal symptoms, and develop healthier coping mechanisms.

Tests for Amphetamine substance abuse are available HERE

Barbiturates

Barbiturates are a class of central nervous system depressant drugs that were once widely prescribed for various medical purposes, such as sedation, sleep disorders, and seizure control. However, their use has significantly declined due to their high potential for abuse, dependence, and overdose. Here is some information about barbiturate abuse:

Misuse and Abuse: Barbiturate abuse refers to using these medications in a manner not prescribed by a healthcare professional. This includes taking higher doses, using them more frequently, or using them without a prescription. Some individuals may obtain barbiturates illicitly, without a legitimate medical need.
Effects and Intoxication: Barbiturates produce sedative, hypnotic, and anesthetic effects. When abused, they can induce a sense of relaxation, euphoria, and drowsiness. However, higher doses can lead to excessive sedation, confusion, impaired coordination, slurred speech, respiratory depression, and even coma.
Combination with Other Substances: Barbiturates are sometimes used in combination with other substances, such as alcohol or opioids. This increases the risk of severe respiratory depression, overdose, and potentially fatal consequences.
Dependence and Addiction: Prolonged or excessive use of barbiturates can lead to physical and psychological dependence. Tolerance may develop, requiring higher doses to achieve the desired effects. Abruptly stopping barbiturates after long-term use can lead to withdrawal symptoms, including anxiety, insomnia, restlessness, seizures, and life-threatening complications.
Health Risks: Barbiturate abuse can negatively affect physical and mental health. Long-term abuse can lead to cognitive impairments, memory problems, mood disorders, and an increased risk of accidents or injuries due to impaired coordination and judgment.
Overdose: Taking high doses of barbiturates can result in overdose, which can be life-threatening. Barbiturate overdose can cause severe respiratory depression, low blood pressure, slow heart rate, coma, and death. The risk of overdose is significantly increased when barbiturates are combined with other substances.
Treatment and Support: If you or someone you know is struggling with barbiturate abuse, seeking professional help is essential. Treatment often involves medical detoxification, followed by a combination of medication-assisted therapy, counseling, and support groups to address addiction, manage withdrawal symptoms, and develop coping strategies.

Tests for Barbiturates substance abuse are available HERE

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines are a class of prescription medications primarily used to treat anxiety, insomnia, seizures, and muscle spasms. They can be effective and safe when used as prescribed and under medical supervision. However, when misused or abused, benzodiazepines can lead to serious health risks and addiction. Here is some information about benzodiazepine abuse:

Misuse and Abuse: Benzodiazepine abuse refers to using these medications in a manner not prescribed by a healthcare professional. This includes taking higher doses, using them more frequently, or using them without a prescription. Some individuals may also obtain benzodiazepines illicitly, without a legitimate medical need.
Effects and Intoxication: Benzodiazepines produce sedative, hypnotic, and muscle-relaxing effects. When abused, they can induce a sense of euphoria, relaxation, and a “high” feeling. However, higher doses can lead to excessive sedation, confusion, impaired coordination, memory problems, and dizziness.
Combination with Other Substances: Benzodiazepines are sometimes used in combination with other substances, such as alcohol or opioids. This increases the risk of severe respiratory depression, overdose, and potentially fatal consequences.
Dependence and Addiction: Prolonged or excessive use of benzodiazepines can lead to physical and psychological dependence. Tolerance may develop, requiring higher doses to achieve the desired effects. Abruptly stopping benzodiazepines after long-term use can lead to withdrawal symptoms, including anxiety, insomnia, restlessness, irritability, tremors, and seizures.
Health Risks: Benzodiazepine abuse can negatively affect physical and mental health. Long-term abuse can lead to cognitive impairments, memory problems, mood disorders, and an increased risk of accidents or injuries due to impaired coordination and judgment.
Overdose: Taking high doses of benzodiazepines, particularly when combined with other substances, can result in overdose. Symptoms of overdose include extreme drowsiness, confusion, slowed or shallow breathing, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, it can lead to coma or death.
Treatment and Support: If you or someone you know is struggling with benzodiazepine abuse, seeking professional help is essential. Treatment may involve a combination of medication-assisted therapy, counseling, and support groups to address addiction, manage withdrawal symptoms, and develop coping strategies.

Tests for Benzodiazepine substance abuse are available HERE

Buprenorphine

Buprenorphine abuse refers to the non-medical or problematic use of the prescription medication buprenorphine. Buprenorphine is an opioid medication primarily used in the treatment of opioid addiction and as a pain management tool. It is available in various forms, including sublingual tablets, sublingual films, and extended-release injections. Here is some information about buprenorphine abuse:

Medicinal Use: Buprenorphine is commonly used in medication-assisted treatment (MAT) programs for opioid addiction. It is a partial opioid agonist, meaning it activates the opioid receptors in the brain but produces a milder effect compared to full opioid agonists like heroin or oxycodone. It helps alleviate withdrawal symptoms and cravings, allowing individuals to work towards recovery.
Patterns of Abuse: Buprenorphine abuse can involve various patterns of use, including taking higher doses than prescribed, taking it without a prescription, using it in ways other than intended (such as injecting it), or combining it with other substances to enhance its effects.
Health Risks: Buprenorphine abuse can have health risks, particularly when misused or combined with other substances. These risks include respiratory depression, sedation, dizziness, nausea, constipation, and impaired cognitive and motor function. In some cases, individuals may misuse buprenorphine to self-medicate or as a substitute for other opioids, which can lead to the risk of overdose.
Dependence and Addiction: Buprenorphine has a lower potential for physical dependence and addiction compared to full opioid agonists. However, dependence and addiction can still occur with long-term or misuse of the drug. Buprenorphine dependence involves the body’s reliance on the drug to function normally, and withdrawal symptoms may occur if use is stopped abruptly. Addiction involves compulsive drug-seeking behavior and a loss of control over its use despite negative consequences.
Legal Status: Buprenorphine is a controlled substance, and its legal status varies from country to country. In the United States, buprenorphine is classified as a Schedule III controlled substance for use in opioid addiction treatment. It is available by prescription and is subject to regulations to ensure safe and appropriate use.
Treatment and Support: If you or someone you know is struggling with buprenorphine abuse, seeking professional help is essential. Treatment options may include counseling, behavioral therapies, support groups, and gradual tapering of the medication under medical supervision. Healthcare professionals and addiction specialists can provide recovery guidance, support, and resources.

Tests for Buprenorphine substance abuse are available HERE

Cocaine

Cocaine abuse refers to the excessive or problematic use of cocaine, a powerful stimulant drug derived from the coca plant. Here is some information about cocaine abuse:

Effects of Cocaine: Cocaine produces intense feelings of euphoria, increased energy, confidence, and mental alertness. It stimulates the central nervous system by increasing the levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward, in the brain. The effects of cocaine are relatively short-lived, lasting from a few minutes to an hour.
Patterns of Abuse: Cocaine abuse can involve various patterns of use, including occasional or recreational use, binge use (repeatedly using large amounts over a short period), and chronic or heavy use. Abuse is characterized by using cocaine in a manner that negatively impacts one’s health, relationships, work or academic performance, and overall well-being.
Health Consequences: Cocaine abuse can have severe health consequences. It can lead to cardiovascular problems such as heart attacks, strokes, and irregular heart rhythms. Other health risks include respiratory issues, weight loss, malnutrition, dental problems, and an increased risk of infectious diseases if cocaine is injected. Chronic use can also lead to neurological and psychiatric problems, including cognitive impairment, anxiety, paranoia, and mood disorders.
Addiction and Dependence: Cocaine has a high potential for addiction. Continued use can lead to the development of tolerance, requiring higher doses to achieve the desired effects. Cocaine dependence can result in withdrawal symptoms when attempting to quit or cut down on use, including fatigue, depression, anxiety, cravings, and increased appetite.
Legal and Social Consequences: Cocaine is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance in the United States and is illegal in most countries. Possession, distribution, and sale of cocaine can lead to legal consequences, including fines and imprisonment. Socially, cocaine abuse can strain relationships, contribute to financial difficulties, and negatively impact one’s reputation and standing within the community.
Treatment and Support: Seeking professional help is crucial for individuals struggling with cocaine abuse. Treatment options may include detoxification, counseling, behavioral therapies (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy), and support groups. Medications may also be used to manage withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Support from healthcare professionals, addiction specialists, and support networks can aid in recovery and provide resources for maintaining long-term sobriety.

Tests for Cocaine abuse are available HERE

Ecstasy

Ecstasy abuse refers to the non-medical or problematic use of the drug MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine), commonly known as Ecstasy or Molly. Here is some information about Ecstasy abuse:

Effects of Ecstasy: Ecstasy is a synthetic psychoactive drug that produces a combination of stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. It increases the release of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, leading to feelings of euphoria, increased sociability, heightened sensory perception, and emotional warmth.
Patterns of Abuse: Ecstasy abuse can involve various patterns of use, including recreational use in social settings such as parties or clubs, regular or frequent use, and escalating use leading to dependence or addiction. The drug is typically taken orally in pill form but can also be crushed, snorted, or injected in a liquid.
Health Risks: Ecstasy abuse can have several health risks. The drug can cause dehydration, hyperthermia (elevated body temperature), and an increased heart rate, which can lead to cardiovascular problems, heatstroke, or even organ failure. Ecstasy can also impair judgment, leading to risky behaviors, and can cause confusion, anxiety, panic attacks, and even psychosis in some individuals. Prolonged use or high doses can contribute to long-term cognitive and mood problems.
Dependence and Addiction: Ecstasy can be psychologically addictive, leading to compulsive drug-seeking behavior and a loss of control over its use despite negative consequences. However, physical dependence on Ecstasy is less common compared to other drugs like opioids or benzodiazepines.
Adulteration and Contamination: Ecstasy tablets sold illegally are often adulterated with other substances, such as amphetamines, caffeine, or other synthetic drugs. These adulterants can increase the health risks associated with Ecstasy use and may contribute to unpredictable and potentially dangerous effects.
Legal Status: MDMA is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States, meaning it is illegal to possess, manufacture, or distribute. It is also illegal in most countries. Ecstasy’s possession, sale, or distribution can lead to legal consequences, including fines and imprisonment.
Treatment and Support: If you or someone you know is struggling with Ecstasy abuse, seeking professional help is important. Treatment options may include counseling, cognitive-behavioral therapy, support groups, and other forms of addiction treatment. It is important to work closely with healthcare professionals and addiction specialists to develop an individualized treatment plan.

Tests for Ecstasy substance abuse are available HERE

Fentanyl

Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid medication that is primarily used for pain relief, particularly for severe pain or in cases where other opioids are ineffective. Here is some information about fentanyl:

Potency: Fentanyl is significantly more potent than other commonly used opioids, such as morphine or oxycodone. It is estimated to be about 50 to 100 times stronger than morphine.
Medical Uses: Fentanyl is typically prescribed in the form of transdermal patches, lozenges, nasal sprays, or injections. It is used in cases of severe chronic pain, post-surgical pain management, and breakthrough pain in cancer patients.
Illicit Use: Unfortunately, fentanyl has also gained notoriety as a recreational drug due to its high potency. Illicitly manufactured fentanyl is often mixed with heroin or cocaine, and it poses a significant risk of overdose due to its strength.
Overdose Risks: Fentanyl can cause severe respiratory depression, leading to respiratory arrest and potential death. Overdose deaths related to fentanyl have increased significantly in recent years, primarily due to its presence in street drugs and counterfeit prescription pills.
Dangers: One of the significant concerns with fentanyl is its potential for accidental overdose. Since it is much stronger than other opioids, a small miscalculation in dosage can have life-threatening consequences. Additionally, illicitly produced fentanyl is often inconsistent in potency and may contain other dangerous substances.
Precautions: Fentanyl should only be used as prescribed by a qualified healthcare professional. It is crucial to follow the prescribed dosage and administration instructions carefully. Sharing or using fentanyl without a prescription is illegal and highly dangerous.
Side Effects: Common side effects of fentanyl include drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and respiratory depression. It can also cause more serious side effects, such as slowed heart rate, low blood pressure, and allergic reactions.
Addiction Potential: Like other opioids, fentanyl has a high potential for addiction and dependence, especially when misused or used recreationally. Abruptly stopping or reducing the dosage of fentanyl after prolonged use can lead to withdrawal symptoms.

Tests for Fentanyl substance abuse are available HERE

Ketamine

Ketamine abuse refers to the non-medical or problematic use of the dissociative anesthetic drug ketamine. Ketamine is commonly used in medical settings for anesthesia induction and pain management. However, it is also misused for its hallucinogenic and euphoric effects. Here is some information about ketamine abuse:

Effects of Ketamine: Ketamine produces a dissociative state, leading to feelings of detachment from oneself and the environment. It can cause hallucinations, altered perceptions of reality, and a sense of being “disconnected” from the body. At higher doses, it can induce sedation and confusion, potentially leading to a state known as a “K-hole,” where the person is profoundly dissociated.
Patterns of Abuse: Ketamine abuse can involve various patterns of use, including recreational use in social settings or parties, regular or frequent use, and escalating use leading to dependence or addiction. Ketamine is typically used by snorting it as a powder but can also be injected or taken orally.
Health Risks: Ketamine abuse can have several health risks. These can include increased heart rate and blood pressure, respiratory depression, confusion, anxiety, memory loss, and impaired coordination. Ketamine can also cause nausea, vomiting, and potential damage to the bladder and urinary tract when used chronically. Overdose can occur, leading to severe medical emergencies and potentially life-threatening consequences.
Dependence and Addiction: While ketamine is not considered highly physically addictive, it can lead to psychological dependence and addiction. Continued misuse of ketamine can result in compulsive drug-seeking behavior and difficulty controlling or stopping its use despite negative consequences.
Legal Status: Ketamine is classified as a Schedule III controlled substance in the United States, meaning it has recognized medical uses but also a potential for abuse. Possession, distribution, or sale of ketamine without a valid prescription is illegal and can lead to legal consequences.
Treatment and Support: If you or someone you know is struggling with ketamine abuse, seeking professional help is crucial. Treatment options may include counseling, cognitive-behavioral therapy, support groups, and other forms of addiction treatment. Healthcare professionals and addiction specialists can provide recovery guidance, support, and resources.

Tests for Ketamine substance abuse are available HERE

Marijuana

Marijuana abuse refers to the excessive or problematic use of marijuana, a psychoactive drug derived from the Cannabis plant. Here is some information about marijuana abuse:

Effects of Marijuana: Marijuana contains THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), the primary psychoactive compound responsible for its mind-altering effects. When marijuana is smoked or consumed, it produces a range of effects, including euphoria, relaxation, altered perception of time, increased appetite, and impaired memory and coordination.
Patterns of Abuse: Marijuana abuse can take different forms, including regular or heavy use, excessive use in a short period (binge use), or using marijuana in high-potency forms such as concentrates or edibles. Abuse is characterized by using marijuana in a manner that negatively impacts daily functioning, relationships, and overall well-being.
Risks and Health Consequences: While marijuana is often perceived as less harmful than other substances, it still carries potential risks, especially with excessive or long-term use. These risks include impaired cognitive function, memory problems, decreased motivation, respiratory issues (from smoking), increased heart rate, lung damage, and an increased risk of mental health problems in vulnerable individuals, such as anxiety or psychosis.
Dependence and Addiction: Although marijuana is not considered as addictive as some other substances, such as opioids or alcohol, it can still lead to dependence and addiction in some individuals. Regular and heavy use can lead to tolerance (requiring higher doses for the same effect) and withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation, such as irritability, sleep disturbances, and loss of appetite.
Legal and Social Consequences: The legal status of marijuana varies across different jurisdictions. In some places, it may be legal for medical or recreational use, while in others, it remains illegal. Abuse or possession of marijuana in locations where it is illegal can lead to legal consequences, including fines and imprisonment. Social consequences may include strains on relationships, negative academic or professional performance impacts, and limited opportunities in specific fields.
Treatment and Support: If an individual is struggling with marijuana abuse, seeking professional help is essential. Treatment may involve a combination of counseling, behavioral therapies, and support groups to address problematic use, develop coping strategies, and support overall well-being. In cases with co-occurring mental health issues, dual-diagnosis treatment may be necessary.

Tests for Marijuana abuse are available HERE

Methadone

Methadone abuse refers to the non-medical or problematic use of methadone, a synthetic opioid medication primarily used in the treatment of opioid dependence and chronic pain management. Here is some information about methadone abuse:

Purpose and Medical Use: Methadone is commonly used in medication-assisted treatment (MAT) programs for individuals with opioid addiction. It helps to reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings, allowing individuals to stabilize their lives and engage in treatment. It is also prescribed for chronic pain management in certain cases.
Recreational Use and Abuse: Methadone abuse occurs when individuals use methadone outside of prescribed medical guidelines or without a legitimate medical need. Some people misuse methadone to achieve euphoria, to self-medicate opioid withdrawal symptoms, or to potentiate the effects of other substances.
Health Risks: Methadone abuse can have serious health consequences. It is a potent opioid that depresses the central nervous system, leading to respiratory depression, sedation, and the risk of overdose. Misuse of methadone can also result in drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, constipation, decreased heart rate, and low blood pressure.
Dependence and Addiction: Methadone has the potential to cause physical and psychological dependence, mainly when used outside of prescribed guidelines. Dependence can lead to withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued, such as sweating, nausea, body aches, and cravings. Addiction involves compulsive drug-seeking behavior despite negative consequences.
Interactions with Other Substances: Methadone abuse can be hazardous when combined with other substances, especially other central nervous system depressants like benzodiazepines or alcohol. The combined effect can result in respiratory depression, overdose, and potentially fatal outcomes.
Legal Considerations: Methadone is a controlled substance, and its non-medical use or distribution without a prescription is illegal in most jurisdictions. Legal consequences can include fines, imprisonment, and a criminal record.
Treatment and Support: If you or someone you know is struggling with methadone abuse, seeking professional help is essential. Treatment options may include medical detoxification, counseling, behavioral therapies, and support groups. Methadone maintenance treatment may be an appropriate option for individuals with opioid addiction who require medication-assisted treatment. It is important to work closely with healthcare professionals and addiction specialists to create an individualized treatment plan.

Tests for Methadone abuse are available HERE

Nicotine

Nicotine abuse refers to the excessive or problematic use of nicotine-containing products, primarily cigarettes and other forms of tobacco. Here is some information about nicotine abuse:

Nicotine Addiction: Nicotine is a highly addictive substance found in tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and e-cigarettes. Nicotine addiction occurs when the brain becomes dependent on nicotine, and individuals experience cravings and withdrawal symptoms when attempting to quit or reduce nicotine use.
Health Risks: Nicotine abuse can have serious health consequences. Smoking and tobacco use are major risk factors for various health conditions, including cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, respiratory disorders (such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema), stroke, and oral and throat cancers. Smokeless tobacco use can also lead to oral health issues, gum disease, and an increased risk of certain cancers.
Physical Effects: Nicotine is a stimulant that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and adrenaline release, leading to temporary feelings of alertness and relaxation. However, it can also constrict blood vessels, reduce oxygen supply to tissues, and contribute to the development of blood clots.
Psychological and Behavioral Impact: Nicotine abuse can have psychological and behavioral effects. Many individuals use nicotine as a way to cope with stress, manage emotions, or as a habitual behavior associated with certain activities or social settings. Nicotine use may become intertwined with daily routines and can be difficult to break.
Secondhand Smoke: Nicotine abuse affects the person using tobacco products and poses risks to others through exposure to secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke can cause health problems in non-smokers, including an increased risk of respiratory infections, asthma attacks, and heart disease.
Cessation and Treatment: Quitting nicotine use can be challenging due to the addictive nature of nicotine. However, there are various strategies and resources available to help individuals quit. These include nicotine replacement therapies (such as patches, gum, or lozenges), prescription medications, behavioral counseling, support groups, and quitlines.
Harm Reduction: For individuals who are not ready or able to quit nicotine entirely, harm reduction approaches can help reduce the health risks associated with nicotine abuse. This can involve switching to less harmful forms of nicotine delivery, such as using nicotine replacement therapies or electronic cigarettes (under professional guidance), which can provide nicotine without the harmful toxins found in tobacco smoke.

Cotinine is the major metabolite of nicotine

Opiates

Opiate abuse refers to the excessive or problematic use of opiates, which are a class of drugs derived from opium or synthetic analogs that have similar effects. Opiates include substances like heroin, morphine, codeine, and prescription opioids. Here is some information about opiate abuse:

Effects of Opiates: Opiates bind to specific brain and spinal cord receptors, suppressing pain signals and producing feelings of euphoria and relaxation. They also depress the central nervous system, resulting in sedation, slowed breathing, and reduced heart rate.
Patterns of Abuse: Opiate abuse can involve various patterns of use, including occasional or recreational use, regular or daily use, and escalating use leading to dependence or addiction. Abuse is characterized by using opiates in a manner that negatively impacts one’s health, relationships, work or academic performance, and overall well-being.
Health Consequences: Opiate abuse can have severe health consequences. These may include respiratory depression, overdose, infections (such as hepatitis or HIV from sharing needles), constipation, hormonal imbalances, liver and kidney damage, and increased risk of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.
Dependence and Addiction: Opiates have a high potential for dependence and addiction. Regular use can lead to tolerance, requiring higher doses to achieve the desired effect, and withdrawal symptoms when stopping or reducing use. Opioid addiction is characterized by compulsive drug-seeking behavior, loss of control over use, and continued use despite negative consequences.
Risks of Intravenous Use: Injecting opiates intravenously, particularly with shared or contaminated needles, poses additional risks. It increases the chances of contracting bloodborne infections like HIV or hepatitis C, leading to skin infections, abscesses, and damage to veins and organs.
Overdose: Opiate abuse carries a high risk of overdose, which can be life-threatening. Overdose symptoms include slowed or stopped breathing, extreme drowsiness, confusion, constricted pupils, and unconsciousness. Prompt medical attention, including the use of naloxone (an opioid overdose reversal medication), is critical in overdose situations.
Treatment and Support: Seeking professional help is crucial for individuals struggling with opiate abuse. Treatment options may include detoxification, medication-assisted treatment (MAT) with drugs like methadone or buprenorphine, counseling, behavioral therapies, and support groups. Support from healthcare professionals, addiction specialists, and support networks can aid in recovery and provide resources for maintaining long-term sobriety.

Tests for Opiate abuse are available HERE

Oxycodone

Oxycodone abuse refers to the non-medical or problematic use of the prescription opioid medication oxycodone. Oxycodone is a potent analgesic used to relieve moderate to severe pain. Here is some information about oxycodone abuse:

Effects of Oxycodone: Oxycodone works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain, spinal cord, and other areas of the body, reducing pain perception and producing feelings of euphoria, relaxation, and sedation. It can also cause respiratory depression, drowsiness, constipation, and feelings of warmth.
Patterns of Abuse: Oxycodone abuse can involve various patterns of use, including taking higher doses than prescribed, taking it without a prescription, using it in ways other than intended (such as crushing and snorting or injecting it), or combining it with other substances to enhance its effects.
Health Risks: Oxycodone abuse can have severe health risks. The misuse of oxycodone can lead to respiratory depression, overdose, and potentially fatal outcomes. Other risks include sedation, dizziness, confusion, constipation, low blood pressure, and increased susceptibility to infections. Injecting oxycodone can also lead to the transmission of bloodborne diseases if shared needles are used.
Dependence and Addiction: Regular or prolonged use of oxycodone can lead to physical dependence and addiction. Dependence is characterized by the body’s reliance on the drug to function normally, resulting in withdrawal symptoms when use is stopped or reduced. Addiction involves compulsive drug-seeking behavior and a loss of control over its use despite negative consequences.
Legal Status: Oxycodone is a controlled substance and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the United States, meaning it has a high potential for abuse and is legally available only through a prescription. Possession, distribution, or sale of oxycodone without a valid prescription is illegal and can lead to legal consequences.
Treatment and Support: If you or someone you know is struggling with oxycodone abuse, seeking professional help is crucial. Treatment options may include medical detoxification, counseling, behavioral therapies, and support groups. In some cases, medication-assisted treatment (MAT) with drugs like buprenorphine or methadone may be appropriate. Working with healthcare professionals and addiction specialists can help create an individualized treatment plan.

Tests for Phencyclidine abuse are available HERE

Phencyclidine

Phencyclidine (PCP) abuse refers to the non-medical or problematic use of PCP, a dissociative hallucinogenic drug. PCP is also known by various street names such as Angel Dust, Hog, or Sherm. Here is some information about PCP abuse:

Effects of PCP: PCP is a potent central nervous system depressant that can produce hallucinations, distorted perceptions of reality, and dissociative effects. It can also cause a sense of detachment from one’s body, impaired coordination, aggression, and unpredictable behavior. The effects of PCP can vary widely, and they can be influenced by factors such as the dose, individual sensitivity, and method of administration.
Patterns of Abuse: PCP abuse can involve different patterns of use, including sporadic or occasional use, regular use, and escalating use leading to dependence or addiction. PCP is commonly used in a powder or crystalline form and can be smoked, snorted, ingested, or injected.
Health Risks: PCP abuse can have serious health consequences. Due to its mind-altering effects and impaired judgment, it produces, PCP use can lead to accidents, injuries, and self-harm. Physical risks include increased heart rate and blood pressure, respiratory depression, seizures, muscle rigidity, and possible overdose. Psychological effects may include paranoia, anxiety, depression, and psychosis.
Dependence and Addiction: PCP has the potential to cause physical and psychological dependence. Continued use can lead to tolerance, requiring larger doses to achieve the desired effects. PCP addiction can result in compulsive drug-seeking behavior and difficulty in controlling or stopping its use despite negative consequences.
Legal Consequences: PCP is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance in the United States and is illegal in most countries. Possession, distribution, and sale of PCP can lead to severe legal consequences, including fines and imprisonment.
Treatment and Support: If you or someone you know is struggling with PCP abuse, seeking professional help is important. Treatment options may include medical detoxification, counseling, behavioral therapies, and support groups. It is important to work closely with healthcare professionals and addiction specialists to create an individualized treatment plan.

Tests for Phencyclidine abuse are available HERE

Propoxyphene

Propoxyphene is a synthetic opioid analgesic that was previously prescribed for the relief of mild to moderate pain. However, due to safety concerns, it has been withdrawn from the market in many countries, including the United States, Canada, and several European countries. Here is some information about propoxyphene abuse:

Effects of Propoxyphene: Propoxyphene produces pain relief and sedation by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. It can cause feelings of euphoria, relaxation, and drowsiness. However, its analgesic effects are relatively weak compared to other opioids.
Patterns of Abuse: Propoxyphene abuse can involve various patterns of use, including taking higher doses than prescribed, taking it without a prescription, or using it in combination with other substances to enhance its effects.
Health Risks: Propoxyphene abuse can have several health risks. It depresses the central nervous system, leading to slowed breathing, decreased heart rate, and lowered blood pressure. Overdose can occur, especially when propoxyphene is combined with other respiratory depressants like alcohol or benzodiazepines, which can be life-threatening.
Dependence and Addiction: Prolonged or excessive use of propoxyphene can lead to physical dependence and addiction. Dependence is characterized by the body’s reliance on the drug to function normally, leading to withdrawal symptoms when use is stopped or reduced. Addiction involves compulsive drug-seeking behavior and a loss of control over its use despite negative consequences.
Withdrawal Symptoms: When individuals dependent on propoxyphene attempt to quit or reduce their use, they may experience withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms can include anxiety, agitation, insomnia, muscle aches, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Legal Status: As mentioned earlier, propoxyphene has been withdrawn from the market in many countries due to safety concerns, including an increased risk of potentially fatal heart rhythm abnormalities. Possessing, selling, or distributing propoxyphene in countries where it has been banned is illegal.
Treatment and Support: If you or someone you know is struggling with propoxyphene abuse, seeking professional help is important. Treatment options may include detoxification, counseling, behavioral therapies, and support groups. Healthcare professionals and addiction specialists can provide recovery guidance, support, and resources.

Tests for Propoxyphene abuse are available HERE

Tramadol

Tramadol abuse refers to the non-medical or problematic use of the prescription medication tramadol. Tramadol is an opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain. Here is some information about tramadol abuse:

Effects of Tramadol: Tramadol works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain, inhibiting the transmission of pain signals and producing pain relief. It also increases levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain, which can contribute to its analgesic effects. Tramadol can produce feelings of euphoria, relaxation, and sedation.
Patterns of Abuse: Tramadol abuse can involve various patterns of use, including taking higher doses than prescribed, taking it without a prescription, using it in ways other than intended (such as crushing and snorting or injecting it), or combining it with other substances to enhance its effects.
Health Risks: Tramadol abuse can have several health risks. Like other opioids, tramadol can cause respiratory depression, constipation, drowsiness, dizziness, and nausea. It can also lead to tolerance, physical dependence, and addiction. High doses or combining tramadol with other depressants (such as alcohol or benzodiazepines) can increase the risk of overdose, which can be life-threatening.
Dependence and Addiction: Regular or prolonged use of tramadol can lead to physical dependence and addiction. Dependence is characterized by the body’s reliance on the drug to function normally, resulting in withdrawal symptoms when use is stopped or reduced. Addiction involves compulsive drug-seeking behavior and a loss of control over its use despite negative consequences.
Legal Status: Tramadol is a controlled substance whose legal status varies from country to country. In some countries, it is classified as a Schedule IV drug, meaning it has a lower potential for abuse compared to Schedule II opioids like oxycodone or fentanyl. However, it is important to note that tramadol can still be misused and abused.
Treatment and Support: If you or someone you know is struggling with tramadol abuse, seeking professional help is crucial. Treatment options may include medical detoxification, counseling, behavioral therapies, and support groups. In some cases, medication-assisted treatment (MAT) with drugs like buprenorphine may be appropriate. Working with healthcare professionals and addiction specialists can help create an individualized treatment plan.

Tests for Tramadol abuse are available HERE

Substance Abuse and Drugs Commonly Abused